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Rabu, 3 Disember 2025

EV Paling Berbaloi Bawah RM120K — Analisa & Cadangan

Segment EV bawah RM120,000 semakin panas di Malaysia. Setiap model datang dengan kekuatan tersendiri — ada yang menekankan prestasi, ada memfokuskan jarak perjalanan, ada pula menawarkan ekosistem jenama yang kukuh. Berikut ialah ringkasan perbandingan dan pandangan AbgNua untuk memudahkan pembaca membuat pilihan.

*DISCLAIMER - Harga yang tertera adalah berdasarkan maklumat carian semasa. Berkemungkinan besar harga tersebut berbeza pada saat anda melakukan carian terkini. Ini adalah pandangan peribadi semata-mata, dan bukan merupakan maklumat rasmi yang boleh dijadikan rujukan utama. Pandangan ini mungkin akan ada kesilapan data teknikal, kesilapan analisis ataupun maklumat yang mungkin bercanggah. Sila lakukan rujukan semula.


Perodua QV-E

RM80,000 + [9 year Battery Leasing: RM29,700] = RM109,700*

FWD Motor: 150kW (201hp), 285Nm

0-100km/h: 7.5s

Battery: 53kWh LFP

Range: 445km (NEDC) [Est 377km WLTP]

AC: 7kW

DC: 60kW

Proton e.MAS 7 Premium

RM119,800

FWD Motor: 160kW (215hp), 320Nm

0-100km/h: 7.5s

Battery: 60kWh LFP

Range: 410km WLTP

AC: 11kW

DC: 100kW

BYD Atto 2

RM100,000

FWD Motor 130kW (174hp), 290Nm

0-100km/h: 7.9s

Battery: 51kWh LFP

Range: 410km (NEDC) [Est 340km WLTP)

AC: 7kW

DC: 82kW

BYD Seal 6 Premium

RM115,000

RWD Motor: 160kW (215hp), 330Nm

0-100km/h: 7.5s

Battery: 57kWh LFP

Range: 485km (NEDC) [Est 410km WLTP]

AC: 7kW

DC: 100kW

Chery Omoda E5

RM103,818

FWD Motor: 150kW (201hp), 340Nm

0-100km/h: 7.2s

Battery: 61kWh LFP

Range: 430km (WLTP)

AC: 10kW

DC: 80kW

MG4 LUX

RM103,999

RWD Motor: 125kW (167hp), 250Nm

0-100km/h: 7.5s

Battery: 51kWh NMC 

Range: 435km (WLTP)

AC: 11kW

DC: 135kW


Model Harga Motor / Kuasa Bateri Range (Anggaran WLTP) AC / DC Catatan Ringkas
Perodua QV-E RM109,700 (termasuk sewa bateri) 150kW / 201hp 53kWh LFP 377km 7kW / 60kW Value tinggi, tapi sewa bateri faktor besar
Proton e.MAS 7 Premium RM119,800 160kW / 215hp 60kWh LFP 410km 11kW / 100kW All-rounder, charging terbaik
BYD Atto 2 RM100,000 130kW / 174hp 51kWh LFP 340km 7kW / 82kW Harga menarik, range paling rendah
BYD Seal 6 Premium RM115,000 160kW / 215hp 57kWh LFP 410km 7kW / 100kW Sedan RWD yang stabil dan premium
Chery Omoda E5 RM103,818 150kW / 201hp 61kWh LFP 430km 10kW / 80kW Range & harga terbaik, interior moden
MG4 LUX RM103,999 125kW / 167hp 51kWh NMC 435km 11kW / 135kW DC paling laju, handling RWD terbaik

2. Analisa Mengikut Kriteria Utama

A. Ketahanan Bateri (LFP vs NMC)

  • LFP = tahan lama, suhu stabil, sesuai cuaca Malaysia.
    Banyak jenama pilih LFP sekarang.

  • MG4 sahaja NMC, beri prestasi lebih baik dan range tinggi dengan saiz bateri kecil — tapi potensi degradasi lebih cepat jika sering cas cepat.

Pemenang: Semua model LFP (Proton, Chery, BYD, Perodua)
Peringatan: MG4 masih selamat, cuma lebih sensitif pada haba.

B. Charging Speed

  • DC Tercantik: MG4 (135kW)

  • Kedua terbaik: Proton e.MAS 7 & Seal 6 (100kW)

  • AC Terbaik: Proton & MG4 (11kW)

Kalau rumah AJ ada 11kW wallbox, Proton & MG4 lebih menjimatkan masa cas.

C. Prestasi & Pemanduan

  • Semua berada sekitar 7.2–7.9s (0-100 km/h) — sangat dekat.

  • RWD = pemanduan lebih natural: MG4 & BYD Seal 6.

  • FWD = lebih mesra pemandu biasa: Perodua, Proton, Chery, Atto 2.

Paling seronok dipandu:

  1. MG4 (handling)

  2. Seal 6 (keselesaan + RWD)


D. Cost Ownership (Kos pemilikan jangka panjang) **

Perodua QV-E

Harga sangat menarik, tapi kos sewa bateri 9 tahun (RM29,700) menjadikan dia hampir sama atau lebih mahal daripada pesaing.
Kelebihan: risiko bateri rendah, sebab ada pelan perlindungan.

Model lain (tanpa sewa bateri)

Kos lebih seragam, bergantung kepada:

  • degradasi bateri

  • servis minimal EV

  • jaminan 8 tahun bateri (kebanyakan model)

Dalam konteks kos jangka masa panjang, Omoda E5 & MG4 lebih baik kerana:

  • harga lebih rendah

  • teknologi bateri + cas bagus

  • range seimbang


E. Range Paling Realistik (WLTP)

  • Chery Omoda E5 – 430km

  • MG4 – 435km

  • Proton e.MAS 7 – 410km

  • BYD Seal 6 – 410km

  • Perodua QV-E – 377km

  • BYD Atto 2 – 340km

Kalau perjalanan jauh penting, Atto 2 bukan pilihan utama.


3. Ranking — “Pilihan Peribadi AbgNua” (Bawah RM120K)

1. Chery Omoda E5Pilihan Seimbang Terbaik

Kenapa?

  • Range WLTP tinggi (430km)

  • Motor kuat (201hp)

  • Harga paling masuk akal

  • AC 10kW (baik)

  • Spec lengkap untuk penggunaan harian & perjalanan jauh

Nilai untuk ringgit paling mantap.

2. Proton e.MAS 7 PremiumAll-Rounder Paling matang

Kenapa?

  • AC & DC charging terbaik (11kW / 100kW)

  • Kuasa tertinggi

  • Reka bentuk moden

  • 410km WLTP cukup baik

  • Ekosistem servis Proton yang kuat

Untuk pengguna yang mahu tiada kompromi dari segi spec & kemudahan.


3. MG4 LUXEV paling seronok dipandu

Kenapa?

  • RWD, handling paling sedap

  • DC paling laju (135kW)

  • 435km WLTP

  • Harga RM103k sangat kompetitif

Sesuai untuk pemandu yang suka “driving feel” berbanding praktikaliti maksimum.


4. BYD Seal 6 Premium

Sedan RWD yang premium, lancar, dan kukuh di highway.
Range setanding Omoda & Proton.


5. Perodua QV-E

Sangat value dengan harga asas rendah, tapi kos sewa bateri buat ia kurang menarik berbanding model lain.
Namun, sesuai untuk yang mahu risiko minimum pada bateri jangka panjang.


6. BYD Atto 2

Murah, mudah, praktikal.
Tapi range WLTP 340km menjadikannya paling rendah dalam senarai.


Kesimpulan 

Akhirnya, memilih EV bukan hanya tentang kuasa atau jarak, tetapi tentang kecukupan dan keperluan sebenar.


Dalam hidup pun sama — bukan semua yang paling mahal itu terbaik, bukan semua yang paling laju itu diberkati. Kadang-kadang yang paling tenang, sederhana dan memadai… itulah yang paling mendatangkan manfaat.

Kereta boleh bawa kita ke destinasi dunia.
Tapi usaha, kesabaran dan ketakwaan… itulah yang membawa kita ke destinasi akhirat.

Pilihlah yang terbaik mengikut kemampuan, bukan kemahuan, kerana setiap rezeki yang bersih dan dijaga akan membawa keberkatan dalam hidup kita.


#EVMalaysia #EVBajet #KeretaElektrik #PanduanEV #AutomotifMY #PilihanBijak #BlogAutomotifMalaysia #TarbiahAutomotif #MalaysiaMajuEV

Khamis, 24 Oktober 2013

InEco EV's steel-CFRP hybrid

InEco EV's steel-CFRP hybrid construction keeps weight under a ton 
The InEco demonstrator vehicle was displayed at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show
One of the quieter debuts at last month's Frankfurt Motor Show was also one of the more interesting. The InEco electric car, developed at the Dresden University of Technology's Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (TU Dresden's ILK), combines an innovative mix of materials to keep its weight down to under a ton and allow it to get the most out of its small electric powertrain. 
A diagram of materials in the InEco car
InEco is an ongoing project by TU Dresden and several corporate partners, including Leichtbau-Zentrum Sachsen GmbH and ThyssenKrupp AG. At Frankfurt, the parties presented the first roadworthy demonstrator model, an urban-focused, four-seat hatchback. 
The InEco's consumption is 9.7 kWh / 100 km
The focus of the InEco project has been on experimenting with construction methods and material blends. The body and chassis of the car are built with a variety of materials, most notably steel and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer. 
The InEco is powered by a small 15-kWh lithium-ion battery and 120-hp electric motor
In using steel construction to augment and reinforce the CFRP, the InEco combines the advantages of both – the non-splintering malleability of steel, advantageous in crash protection, and the light weight, rigidity and high energy absorption of CFRP. Some structures are made strictly from steel, some from CFRP, some from a mix of both materials, and some from other materials like aluminum. The diagram below shows the different materials (in German) in use around the car's structure. 
A large grille and sharp headlamps define the InEco's front-end styling
According to TU Dresden, the steel-CFRP hybrid construction has allowed for the simplification of the car's design, cutting 70 percent of traditional bodywork components out. The research vehicle weighs just 1,984 lb (900 kg), including a 330-lb (150-kg) chassis, batteries and electric powertrain. That low weight allows a modest combination of 120-hp synchronous motor and 15 kWh lithium-ion battery pack to push the four-seat hatchback to 62 mph (100 km/h) in 7.5 seconds and on to a top speed close to 100 mph (160 km/h). The 100-cell battery pack keeps firing for around 75 miles (120 km) of driving distance. 
Inside the InEco
Those performance numbers don't sound all that different from current-generation electric vehicles, but the battery pack is smaller than average thanks to the car's low weight. For comparison, the Nissan Leaf uses a 24 kWh battery pack; the Ford Focus Electric uses a 23 kWh battery; and the Chevy Volt, a gas-electric hybrid, uses a 16.5 kWh battery. 
The InEco hood uses an ultralight sandwich construction
The InEco uses a central tunnel for its lithium-ion cells
Styling is often a distant afterthought when it comes to a technological research vehicle, but the InEco does manage to catch the eye with its Hyundai Veloster-like hot hatch look that comes courtesy of its sharp headlamps, descending roofline and wraparound-style glasshouse. While the InEco isn't likely to show up in dealerships anytime soon, some of the methods used in its construction may influence the automotive industry. 

 Source: TU Dresden

Sabtu, 13 Ogos 2011

Six-wheeled supercar






Covini to produce hybrid Speedster version of six-wheeled supercar

Covini is testing a new petrol-electric hybrid "speedster" version of the new 434 bhp V8 C3A. In testing, the track-only hybrid is apparently proving to be extremely fast with excellent braking and handling. The Tyrell P34 Formula One car, which is the only working six wheel car to have been produced prior to the Covini, won an F1 race before it was banned, so the logical benefits of four-front-wheels (reduced high speed lift and improved aerodynamics, more rubber, more braking power and more grip, particularly in treacherous conditions) are once again being validated.

The Covini four wheel project has been going on for a decade now and we first wrote up the C6 eight years ago.

Italian mechanical engineer Ferruccio Covini came up with the idea of a modern version of the four-front wheels inspired by the logical engineering advantages of the P34 Tyrell.

The original concept was a product of a Ford America's Seattle-ite "far future" concept car built for the world fair in 1963.

Of all the concept cars produced throughout history, many of which have forecast technologies far before their time, the Ford Seattle-ite XXI, built to symbolize the future of American technological know-how for the 1963 World's Fair, was the boldest.

Amongst a range of concepts, the car encompassed interchangeable nuclear fuel cell power units, interchangeable bodies, interactive computer navigation, mapping and other remote auto information systems, and four driving and steering wheels. The concept car was non-functional, as the technologies to produce it did not exist.

The car drive train is expected to be equally balanced between petrol and electric power contribution, and while the hybrid will have regenerative braking, the press information indicates a single electric motor.

The current Covini C3A was one of the most exciting cars at the Goodwood Festival of Speed this year - the only supercar indeed, car of any kind with four front wheels. Covini has taken the very sound engineering principles which support the four-front wheels concept. More rubber on the road means better steering and braking and with modern brakes, suspension and advanced computerized control systems, the modern interpretation is very compelling.

The petrol-engined C3A is rear-wheel drive, though what the hybrid vehicle's power train might be has not yet been revealed in full. The car that drove up Lord March's drieveway at Goodwood has longitudinally-mounted 434hp eight-cylinder engine of Audi parentage driving those wheels.

The normally-aspirated V8 produces maximum torque of around 470Nm at 2,700rpm, suggesting the performance of the 1150kg will be spectacular indeed.

The chassis achieves its light weight by virtue of a combination of a steel tubular spaceframe with carbon fiber structural parts and composite panels and an independent suspension with front and rear wishbones. The body work is glass fiber and carbon fiber.

In terms of the Covini's most obvious feature, the four 15 inch front wheels run 205/45-15 tires and the two 20 inch rear wheels run 345/25-20 tires.

Covini has gone to a lot of trouble to develop the lightweight wheels, pushrod front suspension and steering of the four wheels, so it will be interesting to see whether four electric wheel motors will find their way onto the front of the C3A hybrid. If four-wheel drive offers more traction than two-wheel drive, then surely six-wheel drive will be better still. Four moderately powered electric motors at the front would provide more than enough oomph to balance whatever horsepower is being fed to the rear wheels.

The press release does however mention one electric motor, not four or five. We'll trust that to Covini for now, and look forward to the prospect of the open topped track car breaking cover.



Ahad, 24 Julai 2011

The 231 mph Brabus Mercedes 800E - world's fastest and most powerful four-seat cabriolet











The BRABUS 800 V12 is fitted with a high-performance limited-slip differential with a locking rate of 40 percent, and despite the relatively heavy weight of the Mercedes E Class, can accelerate from standstill to 100 km/h (62 mph) in just 3.7 seconds.

That's supercar class sprint acceleration, but the Brabus 800 keeps accelerating at this outrageous rate, passing 200 km/h (124 mph) in under ten seconds (actually 9.9 seconds) and 300-km/h (186-mph) in 23.9 seconds. Depending on the final-drive ratio, the BRABUS 800 E V12 Cabriolet tops out at 370 km/h (231 mph).

The engine used in the vehicle is the most powerful engine built by Brabus - a stroked and bored V12 three-valve Mercedes S 600 unit, which expands capacity from the standard 5.5 liters, to the Brabus engine's 6.3 liters. There are many aspects to the re-engineering of the motor - different camshafts, flowed heads, a new intake manifold, new exhaust manifolds with integrated very large turbos, four water-to-air intercoolers, a beefed up five-speed automatic transmission, an entirely new high-flow, stainless-steel exhaust system, and newly programmed mapping for the electronic engine management system.

All the aerodynamic-enhancement components were refined in the wind tunnel, and all are made from carbon fiber. The front apron is designed to both reduce lift on the front axle and guide cooling air to the radiators and front brakes. Air outlets in the sides route the hot air away from the heat exchangers as quickly as possible.

For further improved directional stability at extremely high speeds and to further increase cornering speeds, BRABUS widens the body of the E-Class Cabriolet. Newly designed front sport fenders widen the track and allow the installation of ultra-wide 9.5Jx19 wheels mounted with size 265/30 ZR 19 tires.

Professional engineering work was also invested into every detail of the suspension: special suspension components were custom-designed for the front and rear axle of the BRABUS E V12 Cabriolet. They provide a much wider range of individual suspension settings. These components are joined by a BRABUS coil-over suspension calibrated to the higher engine weight. The suspension was developed together with Bilstein and features ten selectable settings for bound and rebound front and back. The ride height can also be adjusted by up to 35 millimeter.

The BRABUS high-performance. It features 380 x 37 millimeter (15.0 x 1.45 in.), vented and grooved steel brake discs and 12-piston aluminum fixed calipers on the front axle. The rear stops on 360 x 28 millimeter (14.2 x 1.1 in.) discs with 6-piston aluminum fixed calipers.

The cockpit is clad in a perfectly finished combination of lipstick-red and black leather. The ergonomically shaped BRABUS steering wheel and inlays made from genuine carbon fiber on dashboard, center console and side trim add sporty highlights. The speedometer with 400-km/h (250-mph) dial bears witness to the unique performance potential of the open- top four-seater car even while it is standing still.

When the engine is in place, and the hundreds of other modifications to the vehicle have been completed, it has a top speed of 370 km/h (231 mph) and a price tag of EUR 478,000 (US$682,000).
Brabus specialises in building fast cars - very fast cars. Indeed, it already holds the record for building the world's fastest production sedan and the world's fastest production coupe, so in claiming the title of the world's fastest cabriolet, it's not that much of a surprise.

Given that the base vehicles used in Brabus' two prior "world's fastest" efforts are all Mercedes, and each uses the V12 Brabus motor, much of the knowledge required for building this supercar had already been acquired prior to commencement of the project.

The Brabus 800E V12 cabriolet begins life as a brand new Mercedes E-Class Cabriolet. The biggest single change is a heart transplant with the donor heart (a three-valve Mercedes S 600 V12) also getting a significant makeover before being surgically implanted. The end result is a 6.3 liter, Biturbo V12 producing 788 bhp (588 kW) @ 5,500 rpm and a peak torque of 1,420 Nm (1,047 lb-ft) which is limited electronically to 1,100 Nm (811 lb-ft).

The BRABUS 800 V12 is fitted with a high-performance limited-slip differential with a locking rate of 40 percent, and despite the relatively heavy weight of the Mercedes E Class, can accelerate from standstill to 100 km/h (62 mph) in just 3.7 seconds.

That's supercar class sprint acceleration, but the Brabus 800 keeps accelerating at this outrageous rate, passing 200 km/h (124 mph) in under ten seconds (actually 9.9 seconds) and 300-km/h (186-mph) in 23.9 seconds. Depending on the final-drive ratio, the BRABUS 800 E V12 Cabriolet tops out at 370 km/h (231 mph).

The engine used in the vehicle is the most powerful engine built by Brabus - a stroked and bored V12 three-valve Mercedes S 600 unit, which expands capacity from the standard 5.5 liters, to the Brabus engine's 6.3 liters. There are many aspects to the re-engineering of the motor - different camshafts, flowed heads, a new intake manifold, new exhaust manifolds with integrated very large turbos, four water-to-air intercoolers, a beefed up five-speed automatic transmission, an entirely new high-flow, stainless-steel exhaust system, and newly programmed mapping for the electronic engine management system.

All the aerodynamic-enhancement components were refined in the wind tunnel, and all are made from carbon fiber. The front apron is designed to both reduce lift on the front axle and guide cooling air to the radiators and front brakes. Air outlets in the sides route the hot air away from the heat exchangers as quickly as possible.

For further improved directional stability at extremely high speeds and to further increase cornering speeds, BRABUS widens the body of the E-Class Cabriolet. Newly designed front sport fenders widen the track and allow the installation of ultra-wide 9.5Jx19 wheels mounted with size 265/30 ZR 19 tires.

Professional engineering work was also invested into every detail of the suspension: special suspension components were custom-designed for the front and rear axle of the BRABUS E V12 Cabriolet. They provide a much wider range of individual suspension settings. These components are joined by a BRABUS coil-over suspension calibrated to the higher engine weight. The suspension was developed together with Bilstein and features ten selectable settings for bound and rebound front and back. The ride height can also be adjusted by up to 35 millimeter.

The BRABUS high-performance. It features 380 x 37 millimeter (15.0 x 1.45 in.), vented and grooved steel brake discs and 12-piston aluminum fixed calipers on the front axle. The rear stops on 360 x 28 millimeter (14.2 x 1.1 in.) discs with 6-piston aluminum fixed calipers.

The cockpit is clad in a perfectly finished combination of lipstick-red and black leather. The ergonomically shaped BRABUS steering wheel and inlays made from genuine carbon fiber on dashboard, center console and side trim add sporty highlights. The speedometer with 400-km/h (250-mph) dial bears witness to the unique performance potential of the open- top four-seater car even while it is standing still.

When the engine is in place, and the hundreds of other modifications to the vehicle have been completed, it has a top speed of 370 km/h (231 mph) and a price tag of EUR 478,000 (US$682,000).

Rabu, 6 April 2011

Kereta Pelik Yang Canggih

Tak terfikir kadang-kadang untuk melihat kereta-kereta macam kat bawah ni. Rupanya memang ada kat dunia. Cuma ia limited edition. Saya abadikan di sini untuk tatapan bersama.

Hummer dengan tayar runut untuk salji.
4x4 limosin ala-ala bigfoot!
Beetle jet engine!!!
Yang ni Porshe Carrera GT...hehehe tapi saya rasa ni kesan ADOBE kot!!!

Selasa, 8 Mac 2011

SSC Ultimate Aero II











This has to be the best looking car around. It’s also the fastest around you know. The days of the Veyron Supersport really is short lived. SSC launched this Ultimate Aero II, their ultimate car. It has a powerplant in the form of a 6.8-liter twin-turbocharged V8 that has 1,350 horses. Ouch! Bye bye Veyron. The top speed of this angel (or devil) is 275mph (442.5kph). Doesn’t beat the Veyron Supersport by a lot, but still it’s a staggering number.

The car is obviously carbon fibre based, but this is the first car to have the wheels to be built on a one-piece carbon fiber unit concept, and that’s about 13 pounds. Miles better than your magnesium rims. The whole car weights at only 2,600 pounds, giving it a power-to-weight ratio nearly double that of the Bugatti Veyron. Crazy stuff indeed. Carbon fiber is all over the Ultimate Aero II, with only some aluminium bracing for added safety and chassis rigid concern. Shelby SuperCars expected to sell it next year for $970,000. Well, let’s see how Bugatti takes this news.

SOURCE via Top Gear

Volvo 245 Rektor Edition



Ramai cikgu yang guna kereta "old school" masa saya sekolah dulu. Tapi rata-rata kerana mereka minat dengan rekabentuknya yang klasik. Berbeza dengan cikgu kat US sorang ni. Berhabis USD18,995 untuk menaik taraf sebuag model Volvo 245 model keluaran 1978 sehingga kelihatan seperti sebuah kereta drag! Beliau telah meningkatkan kuasanya kepada 410 HP dengan gabungan enjin V8 Chevrolet 350. Bukan itu sahaja, sistem suspensi dan brake juga telah ditingkatkan keupayaannya untuk keselamatan yang maksimum. Hmmm... apa kata cikgu-cikgu lain? Ada yang berminat untuk menghabiskan duit masing-masing dengan cara sebegini? Hehe...

Ramai lagi anak-anak murid di kampung-kampung yang pergi ke sekolah dengan perut kososng. Malah ramai yang tak mampu menjelaskan yuran yang sekadar 30 ringgit setahun. Ramai yang tak bersekolah kerana kemiskinan. Jadi, dari perabih duit dengan cara demikian, baik pergi cari orang-orang miskin tersebut untuk bantu mereka hidup! Jangan sampai kita kufur nikmat!!!

Isnin, 21 Februari 2011

Headlamp Cefiro Masuk Kat Iswara


Dapat camkan tak headlamp Cefiro lama?
Tengok betul-betul. Dia terbalikkan lampu dia untuk bagi fit. Kreatif jugak owner Iswara ni.

Isnin, 7 Februari 2011

Musuh Kereta "Green Hornet"

Ada missile Hellfire tu!!!
Mesti boleh makan kereta lebah hijau tu kan... hehehe ( sekadar gurauan ).


Peugeot Capsule






Peugeot Capsule, kenderaan berkonsepkan ATV ( All Terrain Vehicle ) yang menggunakan kuasa elektrik untuk tujuan mesra alam. Kuasa elektrik dibekalkan menerusi bateri dan juga tenaga solar yang terdapat pada panel hadapan cermin utama. Lasak untuk semua rupa bumi dan cuaca ( ye ke? banjir kat Tenang boleh lalu ke??? )

Kawalan keseluruhan kenderaan adalah pada panel touch screen technology dilengkapi juga perkakasan internet dan dihubungkan dengan komunikasi satelit.

ACHTUNG!
Image by ACHTUNG! Design